March 25, 2025
Anger and emotion regulation strategies: a meta-analysis
  • Kashdan, T. B., Goodman, F. R., Mallard, T. T. & DeWall, C. N. What triggers anger in everyday life? Links to the intensity, control, and regulation of these emotions, and personality traits. J. Personal. 84, 737–749 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Verduyn, P., Delvaux, E., Van Coillie, H., Tuerlinckx, F. & Van Mechelen, I. Predicting the duration of emotional experience: two experience sampling studies. Emotion 9, 83–91. (2009).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Frijda, N. H. The emotions (Cambridge University Press, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamir, M., Mitchell, C. & Gross, J. J. Hedonic and instrumental motives in anger regulation. Psychol. Sci. 19, 324–328. (2008).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Parrott, W. G. Implications of dysfunctional emotions for understanding how emotions function. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 5, 180–186 (2001).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rule, B. G. & Nesdale, A. R. Emotional arousal and aggressive behavior. Psychol. Bull. 83, 851–863 (1976).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkley, E. L. & Eckhardt, C. I. Anger, hostility, internalizing negative emotions, and intimate partner violence perpetration: A meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 37, 40–56. (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavi, I., Ozer, E. J., Katz, L. F. & Gross, J. J. The role of parental emotion reactivity and regulation in child maltreatment and maltreatment risk: A meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 90, 102099. (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogdan, S. R., Măirean, C. & Havârneanu, C. E. A meta-analysis of the association between anger and aggressive driving. Transp. Res. part F: Traffic Psychol. & Behav. 42, 350–364 (2016).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Justice Crime in the United States 2000: Uniform Crime Reports (2000)

  • Barrett, E. L., Mills, K. L. & Teesson, M. Mental health correlates of anger in the general population: Findings from the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Aust. Nz J. Psychiat. 47, 470–476. (2013).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Judd, L. L., Schettler, P. J., Coryell, W., Akiskal, H. S. & Fiedorowicz, J. G. Overt irritability/anger in unipolar major depressive episodes: past and current characteristics and implications for long-term course. JAMA psychiatry. 70, 1171–1180. (2013).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Painuly, N. P., Grover, S., Gupta, N. & Mattoo, S. K. Prevalence of anger attacks in depressive and anxiety disorders: Implications for their construct?. Psychiatry & Clin. Neurosci. 65, 165–174. (2011).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, F. L. & Moore, Z. E. Understanding clinical anger and violence: The anger avoidance model. Behav. Modif. 32, 897–912. (2008).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberton, T., Daffern, M. & Bucks, R. S. Emotion regulation and aggression. Aggress. & Violent Behav. 17, 72–82. (2012).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Deffenbacher, J. L. Cognitive-behavioral conceptualization and treatment of anger. Cognit. & Behav. Pract. 18, 212–221. (2011).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Del Vecchio, T. & O’Leary, K. D. Effectiveness of anger treatments for specific anger problems: A meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 24, 15–34. (2004).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • DiGiuseppe, R. & Tafrate, R. C. Anger treatment for adults: A meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol.-Sci. Pr. 10, 70–84. (2003).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Morrow, J. & Fredrickson, B. L. Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 102, 20–28. (1993).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkowski, B. M. & Robinson, M. D. The anatomy of anger: an integrative cognitive model of trait anger and reactive aggression. J. Personal. 78, 9–38. (2010).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, J. J., Anderson, C. A. & Bushman, B. J. The general aggression model. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 19, 75–80. (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Novaco, R. W. Stress inoculation: A cognitive therapy for anger and its application to a case of depression. J. Consult. & Clin. Psychol. 45, 600–608. (1977).

    Article 
    CAS 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, J. J. Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. J. Personal. & Soc. Psychol. 74, 224–237. (1998).

    Article 
    CAS 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, R. & Fernandez, E. Cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of anger: A meta-analysis. Cognit. Ther. & Res. 22, 63–74. (1998).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, R. D., Wilhelm, F. H. & Gross, J. J. All in the mind’s eye? Anger rumination and reappraisal. J. Personal. & Soc. Psychol. 94, 133–145. (2008).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, R. C. & Dahlen, E. R. Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression, anxiety, stress, and anger. Personal. & Individ. Differ. 39, 1249–1260. (2005).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Szasz, P. L., Szentagotai, A. & Hofmann, S. G. The effect of emotion regulation strategies on anger. Behav. Res. & Ther. 49, 114–119. (2011).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gratz, K. L. & Tull, M. T. In Assessing mindfulness and acceptance processes in clients: Illuminating the theory and practice of change 107–133 (Context Press/New Harbinger Publications, 2010).

  • Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A. & Lillis, J. Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behav. Res. & Ther. 44, 1–25. (2006).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Funkenstein, D. H., King, S. H. & Drolette, M. The direction of anger during a laboratory stress-inducing situation. Psychosom. Med. 16, 404–413 (1954).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Harburg, E., Blakelock, E. H. & Roeper, P. J. Resentful and reflective coping with arbitrary authority and blood pressure: Detroit. Psychosom. Med. 41, 189–202. (1979).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, E. H. Anger and anxiety as determinants of elevated blood pressure in adolescents (University of South Florida, 1984).

    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C. D. et al. In Anger and hostiliry in cardiovascular and behavioral disorders (eds M. A. Chesney & R. H. Rosenman) 5–30 (Hemisphere/McGraw-Hill, 1985)

  • Spielberger, C. D., Krasner, S. S. Solomon, E. P. In Individual differences, stress, and health psychology (ed M. P. Janisse) 89–108 (Springer Verlag, 1988)

  • Bushman, B. J., Bonacci, A. M., Pedersen, W. C., Vasquez, E. A. & Miller, N. Chewing on it can chew you up: Effects of rumination on triggered displaced aggression. J. Personal. & Soc. Psychol. 88, 969–983. (2005).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn, L. M., Christenfeld, N. & Gerin, W. The role of rumination in recovery from reactivity: Cardiovascular consequences of emotional states. Psychosom. Med. 64, 714–726. (2002).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, J. & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. Effects of responses to depression on the remediation of depressive affect. J. Personal. & Soc. Psychol. 58, 519–527. (1990).

    Article 
    CAS 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, T. L., Miles, E. & Sheeran, P. Dealing with feeling: meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychol. Bull. 138, 775–808. (2012).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • McRae, K., Jacobs, S. E., Ray, R. D., John, O. P. & Gross, J. J. Individual differences in reappraisal ability: Links to reappraisal frequency, well-being, and cognitive control. J. Res. Personal. 46, 2–7. (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassiello-Robbins, C. & Barlow, D. H. Anger: The unrecognized emotion in emotional disorders. Clin. Psychol.-Sci. Pr. 23, 66–85. (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, A. G., Kingston, D. A., DiGiuseppe, R., Bradford, J. M. & Seto, M. C. Developing a clinical typology of dysfunctional anger. J. Affect. Disord. 136, 139–148. (2012).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez, E., Arevalo, I., Vargas, R. & Torralba, A. Norms for five parameters of anger: How do incarcerated adults differ from the community?. Int. J. Forensic Ment. Health 13, 18–24. (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, F. L., Moore, Z. E. & Dettore, M. The relationship between anger, childhood maltreatment, and emotion regulation difficulties in intimate partner and non-intimate partner violent offenders. Behav. Modif. 38, 779–800. (2014).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Suh, E., Diener, E., Oishi, S. & Triandis, H. C. The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms. J. Personal. & Soc. Psychol. 74, 482–493. (1998).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, S. M. et al. The cost of bottling it up: Emotion suppression as a mediator in the relationship between anger and depression among men with prostate cancer. Cancer Manag. & Res. 12, 1039–1046. (2020).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Le, B. M. & Impett, E. A. When holding back helps: Suppressing negative emotions during sacrifice feels authentic and is beneficial for highly interdependent people. Psychol. Sci. 24, 1809–1815. (2013).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Suchday, S., Friedberg, J. P. & Almeida, M. Forgiveness and rumination: a cross-cultural perspective comparing India and the US. Stress Health 22, 81–89. (2006).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, M. A. & Schneider, B. H. Anger expression in children and adolescents: A review of the empirical literature. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 28, 559–577. (2008).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zoccali, R. et al. The role of defense mechanisms in the modulation of anger experience and expression: Gender differences and influence on self-report measures. Personal. & Individ. Differ. 43, 1426–1436. (2007).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, J. P., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Chow, C. C. F. & Wong, C. F. C. Anger rumination in Hong Kong and Great Britain: Validation of the scale and a cross-cultural comparison. Personal. & Individ. Differ. 39, 1147–1157. (2005).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Peled, M. & Moretti, M. M. Ruminating on rumination: Are rumination on anger and sadness differentially related to aggression and depressed mood?. J. Psychopathol. Behav. 32, 108–117. (2010).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • John, O. P. & Gross, J. J. Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development. J. Personal. 72, 1301–1333. (2004).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Musante, L. & Treiber, F. A. The relationship between anger-coping styles and lifestyle behaviors in teenagers. J. Adolesc. Health 27, 63–68. (2000).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Brockman, R., Ciarrochi, J., Parker, P. & Kashdan, T. Emotion regulation strategies in daily life: Mindfulness, cognitive reappraisal and emotion suppression. Cogn. Behav. Ther. 46, 91–113. (2017).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Troy, A. S., Saquib, S., Thal, J. & Ciuk, D. J. The regulation of negative and positive affect in response to daily stressors. Emotion 19, 751–763. (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Akinci, I. & Atintas, M. C. Psychometric properties of Turkish compass of shame scale. Stud. Psychol.-Psikoloji Calismalari Dergisi 40, 361–383. (2020).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Alcázar, R. J., Deffenbacher, J. L., Guzmán, L. H. & Wilson, G. I. High and low trait anger, and the recognition of anger problems. Span. J. Psychol. 14, 851–858. (2011).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Alcázar-Olán, R. J., Deffenbacher, J. L., Guzmán, L. H. & Cárdenas, S. J. High and low trait anger, angry thoughts, and the recognition of anger problems. Span. J. Psychol. (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Anestis, M. D., Anestis, J. C., Selby, E. A. & Joiner, T. E. Anger rumination across forms of aggression. Personal. & Individ. Differ. 46, 192–196. (2009).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Arslan, C. An investigation of anger and anger expression in terms of coping with stress and interpersonal problem-solving. Kuram Ve Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri 10, 25–43 (2010).

    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Balsamo, M. Anger and depression: Evidence of a possible mediating role for rumination. Psychol. Rep. 106, 3–12. (2010).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., O’Connor, L. E., Parrott, L. & Wade, N. G. Forgivingness, vengeful rumination, and affective traits. J. Personal. 73, 183–225. (2005).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Besharat, M. A. Factorial and cross-cultural validity of a Farsi version of the Anger Rumination Scale. Psychol. Rep. 108, 317–328. (2011).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Boersma-van Dam, E., van de Schoot, R., Geenen, R., Engelhard, I. M. & Van Loey, N. E. Prevalence and course of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in partners of burn survivors. Eur. J. Psychotraumato. 12, 1909282 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Borders, A. & Liang, C. T. H. Rumination partially mediates the associations between perceived ethnic discrimination, emotional distress, and aggression. Cult Divers Ethn. Min. 17, 125–133. (2011).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Borders, A. & Lu, S. E. The bidirectional associations between state anger and rumination and the role of trait mindfulness. Aggress. Behav. 43, 342–351. (2017).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Borders, A. & Wiley, S. Rumination about discrimination mediates the unique association between anger and collective action intentions. Gr. Process. Interg. 23, 979–995. (2020).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Brassard, A., Darveau, V., Péloquin, K., Lussier, Y. & Shaver, P. R. Childhood sexual abuse and intimate partner violence in a clinical sample of men: The mediating roles of adult attachment and anger management. J. Aggress. Maltreat Trauma 23, 683–704. (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Breen, W. E. & Kashdan, T. B. Anger suppression after imagined rejection among individuals with social anxiety. J. Anxiety Disord. 25, 879–887. (2011).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, J. W. et al. Anger arousal and behavioral anger regulation in everyday life among patients with chronic low back pain: Relationships to patient pain and function. Health Psychol. 34, 547–555. (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, D. Mental health of older widows and widowers: Which coping strategies are most protective?. Aging Ment. Health 24, 291–299. (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, R. Y. M. & Park, I. J. K. Anger suppression, interdependent self-construal, and depression among Asian American and European American college students. Cult. Divers Ethn. Min. 16, 517–525. (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cho, H. C., Li, P. X. & Goh, Z. H. Privacy risks, emotions, and social media: A coping model of online privacy. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. (2020).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cludius, B., Mannsfeld, A. K., Schmidt, A. F. & Jelinek, L. Anger and aggressiveness in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the mediating role of responsibility, non-acceptance of emotions, and social desirability. Eur. Arch. Psychiatr. & Clin. Neurosci. 271, 1179–1191. (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, P. T., Goldman, J. S. & Kugler, K. Emotional intractability: Gender, anger, aggression and rumination in conflict. Int. J. Confl. Manag. 20, 113–131. (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, R. et al. Significance of anger suppression and preoccupied attachment in social anxiety disorder: a cross-sectional study. BMC psychiatr. (2021).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Consedine, N. S., Magai, C. & Horton, D. Ethnic variation in the impact of emotion and emotion regulation on health: A replication and extension. J. Gerontol. B-Psychol. 60, P165–P173. (2005).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Crisan, S. M. & Nechita, D. M. Maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and trait anger as predictors of depression severity. Clin. Psychol. Psychot. 29, 1135–1143. (2022).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • da Costa, C. G., Zhou, Q. & Ferreira, A. I. State and trait anger predicting creative process engagement—The role of emotion regulation. J. Creat. Behav. 54, 5–19. (2020).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlen, E. R. & Deffenbacher, J. L. A partial component analysis of Beck’s cognitive therapy for the treatment of general anger. J. Cognit.Psychother. 14, 77–95 (2000).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Deffenbacher, J. L., McNamara, K., Stark, R. S. & Sabadell, P. M. A comparison of cognitive-behavioral and process-oriented group counseling for general anger reduction. J. Couns. & Dev. 69, 167–172. (1990).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennison, S. M. & Stewart, A. Facing rejection: New relationships, broken relationships, shame, and stalking. Int. J. Offender Ther. & Comp. Criminol. 50, 324–337. (2006).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Donahue, J. J., Santanello, A., Marsiglio, M. C. & Van Male, L. M. Acceptance and commitment therapy for anger dysregulation with military veterans: A pilot study. J. Contemp. Psychother. 47, 233–241. (2017).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmerich, A. C., Friehs, T., Crombez, G. & Glombiewski, J. A. Self-compassion predicting pain, depression and anger in people suffering from chronic pain: A prospective study. Eur. J. Pain 24, 1902–1914. (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Franco, C., Amutio, A., Mañas, I., Sánchez-Sánchez, L. C. & Mateos-Pérez, E. Improving psychosocial functioning in mastectomized women through a mindfulness-based program: Flow meditation. Int. J. Stress Manag. 27, 74–81. (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fresnics, A. & Borders, A. Angry rumination mediates the unique associations between self-compassion and anger and aggression. Mindfulness 8, 554–564. (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Garofalo, C., Holden, C. J., Zeigler-Hill, V. & Velotti, P. Understanding the connection between self-esteem and aggression: The mediating role of emotion dysregulation. Aggress. Behav. 42, 3–15. (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Garofalo, C., Velotti, P. & Zavattini, G. C. Emotion regulation and aggression: The incremental contribution of alexithymia, impulsivity, and emotion dysregulation facets. Psychol. Violence 8, 470–483. (2018).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Garofalo, C., Gillespie, S. M. & Velotti, P. Emotion regulation mediates relationships between mindfulness facets and aggression dimensions. Aggress. Behav. 46, 60–71. (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Halperin, E. & Gross, J. J. Intergroup anger in intractable conflict: Long-term sentiments predict anger responses during the Gaza War. Gr. Process. Interg. 14, 477–488. (2011).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, L. et al. The long-term effect of media violence exposure on aggression of youngsters. Comput. Hum. Behav. (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Haukkala, A. Socio-economic differences in hostility measures – A population based study. Psychol. Health 17, 191–202. (2002).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordaan, J. & Hesselink, A. Predictors of aggression among sample-specific young adult offenders: Continuation of violent behavior within South African correctional centers. Int. Crim. Justice Rev. 32, 68–87. (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kale, A. & Gedik, Z. Quality of life in riot police: Links to anger, emotion regulation, depression, and anxiety. Appl. Res. Qual. Life 15, 107–125. (2020).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitayama, S. et al. Expression of anger and ill health in two cultures: An examination of inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Psychol. Sci. 26, 211–220. (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kong, F. et al. Why do people with self-control forgive others easily? The role of rumination and anger. Front. Psychol. 11, 129 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosson, D. S., Garofalo, C., McBride, C. K. & Velotti, P. Get mad: Chronic anger expression and psychopathic traits in three independent samples. J. Crim. Justice (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M. et al. Teachers’ emotions and emotion management: Integrating emotion regulation theory with emotional labor research. Soc. Psychol. Educ. 19, 843–863. (2016).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, R. & Xia, L. X. The mediating mechanisms underlying the longitudinal effect of trait anger on social aggression: Testing a temporal path model. J. Res. Personal. (2020).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, S. S., Jiang, Y. W., Cheng, B. & Scott, N. The effect of flight delay on customer loyalty intention: The moderating role of emotion regulation. J. Hospitality & Tour. Manag. 47, 72–83. (2021).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Massa, A. A., Eckhardt, C. I., Sprunger, J. G., Parrott, D. J. & Subramani, O. S. Trauma cognitions and partner aggression: Anger, hostility, and rumination as intervening mechanisms. Psychol. Violence 9, 392–399. (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathes, B. M. et al. A longitudinal investigation of the association between rumination, hostility, and PTSD symptoms among trauma-exposed individuals. J. Affect. Disord. 277, 322–328. (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • McGonigal, P. T. & Dixon-Gordon, K. L. Anger and emotion regulation associated with borderline and antisocial personality features within a correctional sample. J. Correct. Health Care 26, 215–226. (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Monaci, M. G. & Veronesi, F. Getting angry when playing tennis: Gender differences and impact on performance. J. Clin. Sp. Psychol. 13, 116–133. (2019).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Moron, M. & Biolik-Moron, M. Emotional awareness and relational aggression: The roles of anger and maladaptive anger regulation. Personal. & Individ. Differ. (2021).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Navarro-Haro, M. V., Botella, V. G., Badenes-Ribera, L., Borao, L. & García-Palacios, A. Dialectical behavior therapy in the treatment of comorbid borderline personality disorder and eating disorder in a naturalistic setting: A six-year follow-up study. Cognit. Ther. & Res. 45, 480–493. (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Offredi, A. et al. Effects of anger rumination on different scenarios of anger: An experimental investigation. Am. J. Psychol. 129, 381–390 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, J., Flores, A. J., Aschbacher, K. & Mendes, W. B. When anger expression might be beneficial for African Americans: The moderating role of chronic discrimination. Cult. Divers Ethn. Min, 24, 303–318. (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, J. R. et al. Anger rumination as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and aggression: The utility of a multidimensional mindfulness model. J. Clin. Psychol. 71, 871–884. (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Prikhidko, A. & Swank, J. M. Examining parent anger and emotion regulation in the context of intensive parenting. Fam. J. 27, 366–372 (2019).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Quan, F. Y. et al. Hostile attribution bias and anger rumination sequentially mediate the association between trait anger and reactive aggression. Front. Psychol. (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Salguero, J. M., García-Sancho, E., Ramos-Cejudo, J. & Kannis-Dymand, L. Individual differences in anger and displaced aggression: The role of metacognitive beliefs and anger rumination. Aggress. Behav. 46, 162–169. (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sander, A. M., Boileau, N. R., Hanks, R. A., Tulsky, D. S. & Carlozzi, N. E. Emotional suppression and hypervigilance in military caregivers: Relationship to negative and positive affect. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 35, E10–E20. (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schröder-Abé, M., Rudolph, A. & Schütz, A. High implicit self- esteem is not necessarily advantageous: Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self- esteem and their relationship with anger expression and psychological health. Eur. J. Personal. 21, 319–339 (2007).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Shallcross, A. J., Ford, B. Q., Floerke, V. A. & Mauss, I. B. Getting better with age: The relationship between age, acceptance, and negative affect. J. Personal. & Soc. Psychol. 104, 734–749. (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Smeijers, D., Denson, T. F., Bulten, E. H. & Brazil, I. A. Validity and reliability of the Dutch version of the displaced aggression questionnaire. World J. Psychiatr. 11, 1288–1300. (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sofia, R. & Cruz, J. F. A. Exploring individual differences in the experience of anger in sport competition: The importance of cognitive, emotional, and motivational variables. J. Appl. Sp. Psychol. 28, 350–366. (2016).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Solak, N., Tamir, M., Sümer, N., Jost, J. T. & Halperin, E. Expressive suppression as an obstacle to social change: Linking system justification, emotion regulation, and collective action. Motiv. Emot. 45, 661–682. (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Stover, C. S. et al. Evaluation of a statewide implementation of fathers for change: A fathering intervention for families impacted by partner violence. J. Fam. Violence 37, 449–459. (2022).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, S. D. & Kahn, J. H. Individual differences in expressive suppression and the subjective experience, verbal disclosure, and behavioral expression of anger. Personal. & Individ. Differ. 155, 109723 (2020).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, X. X. et al. Negative emotions in Chinese frontline medical staff during the early stage of the COVID-19 epidemic: Status, trend, and influential pathways based on a national investigation. Front. Psychiatr. (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen, D. K., Mehsen, M. Y., Christensen, S. & Zachariae, R. Rumination – relationship with negative mood and sleep quality. Personal. & Individ. Differ. 34, 1293–1301. (2003).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Toohey, M., Santanello, A., Van Orden, O., Soll, M. & Batten, S. Dispositional anger and experiential avoidance in veterans with PTSD. J. Mil. Veterans. Healt. 25, 11–18 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres-Marín, J., Navarro-Carrillo, G. & Carretero-Dios, H. Is the use of humor associated with anger management? The assessment of individual differences in humor styles in Spain. Personal. & Individ. Differ. 120, 193–201 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Trew, J. L. & Alden, L. E. Predicting anger in social anxiety: The mediating role of rumination. Behav. Res. & Ther. 47, 1079–1084. (2009).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Tull, M. T., Jakupcak, M., Paulson, A. & Gratz, K. L. The role of emotional inexpressivity and experiential avoidance in the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity and aggressive behavior among men exposed to interpersonal violence. Anxiety Stress Copin 20, 337–351. (2007).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • van Middendorp, H. et al. Effects of anger and anger regulation styles on pain in daily life of women with fibromyalgia: A diary study. Eur. J. Pain 14, 176–182. (2010).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Velotti, P. et al. Exploring anger among offenders: The role of emotion dysregulation and alexithymia. Psychiatr. Psychol. & Law 24, 128–138. (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X. C. et al. Trait anger and aggression: A moderated mediation model of anger rumination and moral disengagement. Personal. & Individ. Differ. 125, 44–49. (2018).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, H., de Assunçao, V. L., Martin, C., Westmeyer, H. & Geisler, F. C. Reappraisal inventiveness: The ability to create different reappraisals of critical situations. Cognit. & Emot. 28, 345–360. (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Weindl, D., Knefel, M., Glück, T. & Lueger-Schuster, B. Emotion regulation strategies, self-esteem, and anger in adult survivors of childhood maltreatment in foster care settings. Eur. J. Trauma & Dissoc. (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, Q. L., Chi, P. L., Zeng, X. L., Lin, X. Y. & Du, H. F. Roles of anger and rumination in the relationship between self-compassion and forgiveness. Mindfulness 10, 272–278. (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Yavuz, K. F., Şahin, O., Ulusoy, S., Ipek, O. U. & Kurt, E. Experiential avoidance, empathy, and anger-related attitudesin antisocial personality disorder. Turkish J. Med. Sci. 46, 1792–1800 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivers, S. E., Brackett, M. A., Katulak, N. A. & Salovey, P. Regulating anger and sadness: An exploration of discrete emotions in emotion regulation. J. Happiness Stud. 8, 393–427 (2007).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. A. & Barlow, D. H. Dimensional versus categorical classification of mental disorders in the fifth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders and beyond: Comment on the special section. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 114, 551–556. (2005).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Benazzi, F. & Akiskal, H. Irritable-hostile depression: Further validation as a bipolar. depressive mixed state. J. Affect. Disord. 84, 197–207. (2005).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawes, S. W. et al. Chronic anger as a precursor to adult antisocial personality features: The moderating influence of cognitive control. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 125, 64–74. (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • McHugh, T., Forbes, D., Bates, G., Hopwood, M. & Creamer, M. Anger in PTSD: Is there a need for a concept of PTSD-related posttraumatic anger?. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 32, 93–104. (2012).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zanarini, M. C. & Frankenburg, F. R. The essential nature of borderline psychopathology. J. Pers. Disord. 21, 518–535. (2007).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Garnefski, N., Teerds, J., Kraaij, V., Legerstee, J. & van den Kommer, T. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: Differences between males and females. Personal. & Individ. Differ. 36, 267–276. (2004).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gratz, K. L. & Roemer, L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. J. Psychopathol. Behav. 26, 41–54. (2004).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Aldao, A. Gender and age differences in emotion regulation strategies and their relationship to depressive symptoms. Personal. & Individ. Differ. 51, 704–708. (2011).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppes, G. et al. Emotion regulation choice: A conceptual framework and supporting evidence. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 143, 163–181. (2014).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G. & Group, P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Int. J. Surg. 8, 336–341. (2010).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz, L. In Handbook of cognition and emotion (eds T. Dalgleish M. Power) 411–428 (Wiley, 1999)

  • Eckhardt, C. I. Deffenbacher, J. L. In Anger disorders: Definition, diagnosis, and treatment (ed H. Kassinove) 27–47 (Taylor & Francis, 1995)

  • Spielberger, C. D., Jacobs, G. A., Russell, S. F. Crane, R. S. In Advances in personality assessment 2 (eds J. N. Butcher & C. D. Spielberger) (Erlbaum, 1983)

  • National Institute of Health. Quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cros-ssectional studies, < (2018)

  • Carbia, C., López-Caneda, E., Corral, M. & Cadaveira, F. A systematic review of neuropsychological studies involving young binge drinkers. Neurosci. Biobehav. R 90, 332–349. (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendez-Bustos, P. et al. Effectiveness of psychotherapy on suicidal risk: A systematic review of observational studies. Front. Psychol. 10, 277. (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedges, L. V. Meta-analysis. J. Educ. Stat. 17, 279–296 (1992).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, R. A. Statistical methods for research workers (Oliver and Boyd, 1970).

    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Borenstein, M., Hedges, J., Higgins, J. & Rothstein, H. Introduction to meta- analysis (John Wiley & Sons, 2009).

    Book 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gignac, G. E. & Szodorai, E. T. Effect size guidelines for individual differences researchers. Personal. & Individ. Differ. 102, 74–78. (2016).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T. & Rothstein, H. R. A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Res. Synth. Methods 1, 97–111. (2010).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, A. P. Is the meta-analysis of correlation coefficients accurate when population correlations vary?. Psychol. Methods 10, 444–467. (2005).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, H., Hedges, L. V. & Valentine, J. C. The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis 2nd edn. (Russell Sage Foundation, 2009).

    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J. & Altman, D. G. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Bmj-Brit. Med. J. 327, 557–560. (2003).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Duval, S. & Tweedie, R. Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 56, 455–463. (2000).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Egger, M., Davey Smith, G., Schneider, M. & Minder, C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 315, 629–634. (1997).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar 

  • Borders, A., Earleywine, M. & Jajodia, A. Could mindfulness decrease anger, hostility, and aggression by decreasing rumination?. Aggress. Behav. 36, 28–44. (2010).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • link

    Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *